An In-Depth Analysis of the Latest Film Inland Empire by David Lynch Free Essay Example, 1750 words

In a general evaluation of Lynch s works, the critics often identify a significant connection between the feeling of optimism and the openness to critical freedom. According to the most recent critics of his works, the complexities of his works can be very well situated within the critical frame of post-modernism. A profound understanding of the cultural contexts and inter-texts within which Lynch s works are situated and his intensive creative engagement with the specific working practices of his industry can be valuable in realizing the effect of his new film Inland Empire, which is a manifestation of the creativity of the director. Significantly, he encourages a reconsideration of the periodicity of cinema, though his excessive attention to the complete range of working practices at his disposal. In a reflective analysis of the film Inland Empire, one becomes aware of the sources of Lynch s own creativity as well as his role in a twenty-first-century cinema, which is more in a s tate of becoming than of having been. In this respect, one of the most important features of Lynch s work is his continuing engagement with the noir aesthetic. We will write a custom essay sample on An In-Depth Analysis of the Latest Film Inland Empire by David Lynch or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page All through his career in film industry, he has stressed the importance of image, sound, and music, which are evident in his earliest film shorts such as The Grandmother, the break-out surrealist feature Eraserhead, the hit TV series Twin Peaks, the Oscar-nominated The Elephant Man, Blue Velvet, and his most recent films Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire.

Why Negotiations Occur Within An Organization - 1124 Words

Introduction This research paper pursues two aims. First is to illustrate why negotiations occur within an organization. This will be done through examining the dimensionality of negotiation and dispute resolution. Second is to address some of the challenges of negotiating. Included as a part of this, is an analysis of the different tones and styles to adopt when negotiating, which may aid towards overcoming these challenges. The main aim of this research is to outline the issues and broadly develop the argument and evidence in support of each party’s position towards trying to achieve a win-win solution. Abstract Negotiation occurs as a resolution process towards managing conflict effectively and efficiently within an organization.†¦show more content†¦First type of employment contract Conflict may also bear as a result of the very nature of the work organization, a battle of ideas that takes place where implications may occur. This perspective is relevant to a debate surrounding the promotion of the ‘psychological contract,’ which is seen as the ‘perception of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other’ (Guest, D. and Conway, N.). The psychological contract consists of the expectations that employees have with their employing organizations. The implications of this are implicit. The complexity of this contract leaves room for misinterpretations, however, ensuring that the terms and conditions have been made clear through open and honest discussions with mutual expectations and obligations will limit the conflict. Second type of employment contract The other type of contract, the employment relationship, Kevin Kelloway explains as, ‘a form of work that is performed under contractual arrangements that involves material rewards’ (Kelloway, K.). This allows for a level of managerial control towards forming the fundamental link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Entering into an employment relations, the employer ‘buys the employees capabilities to work,’ known as, labour power, this takes the notion of Marx’s formulation. Whereby he developed the theory that

Should Gmos Be Considered Part Of A Sustainable Food System

What are Genetically-Modified Foods? Genetically-Modified Foods, commonly known as GMOs, are crop plants that have been created for human and animal consumption by genetic engineering techniques of biotechnology. These crop plants have been modified in a lab to create a desired trait that has been undertaken through breeding methods. Lately, there has been major controversy and disputes on if GMOs are a solution or a problem in today’s society. Now, a question for debate is, should GMOs be considered part of a sustainable food system? Sustainability can be defined as the ability of something to be maintained or to endure itself, and takes what we, as people need to live now, without jeopardizing the needs of people in the future. GMOs have been around for years and until just recently, people are becoming concerned with them and saying they pose a serious threat to the environment as well as human health risks. On the other hand, some believe that these products are healthy and beneficial for the environment and have a great nutritional quality. I believe GMOs are both health and environmental hazards and are not benefiting society. They pose a threat for the future of food and farming all over the world. For GMO activists like Monsanto, the products they produce are healthy for the environment and are a primary component in ending world hunger. Even after hundreds of studies containing trillions of meals consisting of GMO ingredients, there has never been oneShow MoreRelatedMonsanto1132 Words   |  5 PagesMonsanto a sustainable agriculture company. Monsanto Company is a publicly traded American multinational agricultural corporation headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Founded in 1901 by John Francis, by the 1940s it was a major producer of plastics, including polystyrene and synthetic fibers. Monsanto has become the world leader in genetically modified organisms. Present in 46 countries, leader in biotechnology produces 90% of GMOs grown worldwide (soybean, rapeseed, cotton, corn, etc..) andRead MoreThe Effects Of Food On Society s Influence On Culture1591 Words   |  7 Pages Food has always had a significant influence on culture. As populations increased, societies began to function with the assumption that they must become more self-reliant to survive. At first, this simply began with cultures settling into an area and beginning to practice farming. Nonetheless, the pressure caused by growing families eventually spurred even greater innovations; pasteurization, canning, and genetic modification are all technologies wh ich have enabled safer and more reliable food. HoweverRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1780 Words   |  8 PagesAs much as food is a cultural obsession nowadays in America, food, safety, and public health is something that has not always been a priority within the development as a nation. The Food and Drug Administration, which ensures that the food and drugs we ingest are â€Å"safe, wholesome, and sanitary† was only created in 1906 (FDA, 2014) as a byproduct of Upton Sinclair’s book (which was released the same year) â€Å"The Jungle†, which had exposed the meat packing industry for misconduct and unhygienic conditionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Food On Society s Influence On Culture1415 Words   |  6 Pages From the very beginning, food has always had a significant influence on culture. As populations increased, many societies began to function around the assumption that they must be more involved in their food to survive. Though this began wit h simply growing and harvesting food, the pressure caused by growing families spurred even greater innovations. Pasteurization, canning, and genetic modification are all technologies that have enabled safer and more reliable food for civilizations. However, theseRead MoreThe Effects Of Agriculture On The Environment1561 Words   |  7 Pagestraditional to a now modern, intensive system. (Natural Resources Management and Environment Department ) In the 20th century, the intensified agriculture began to affect the environment, decrease the food quality and treat animals badly. Farmers are now under great pressure to become more efficient to maximize their profits and production through more specialization and bigger machines. (Friesen) For example, in the past 7000 plant species were collected for food, however today we only use 15 plantRead MoreWorld Resources And Unequal Distribution950 Words   |  4 Pagesmost poorest and unindustrialized parts of the world. This can be due to factors such as hostile terrorists, lack of transportation, lack of basic necessities and so forth. Unequal distribution of resources is not just a world issue but the reason why this exists is because literally, resources are used more than what is produced and it cannot uphold the current population of over seven billion. The issues concerning unequal distribution of resources towards poor parts of the world won’t stop othersRead MoreGmo Labelling And A Ban On Certain Gmo Crops2224 Words   |  9 PagesCoss 3 for GMO labelling and possibly a ban on certain GMO crops, because our lives, our species, and our generation, are not the only things being affected by this infestation of ignorance. Life is sacred. As individuals, we will go through great lengths to preserve life in any way possible. Healthcare workers probably know this best because they have dedicated their own lives to saving others. We wouldn’t be able to save as many lives if science wasn’t equally sacred. Scientific studies need toRead MoreWhat Are Genetically Modified Organisms? Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pages1. What are GMOs? GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. The term GMO usually refers to the products of plant breeding using biotechnology (genetic engineering), which allows crop breeders to transfer desirable trait such as resistance to drought or salinity, pests, weeds, and disease, from one plant or organism to the plant they want to improve, as well as changing an existing trait in a plant species that they are developing. 2. How were GMOs developed? Genes could be added, movedRead MoreCsr And Product Lifecycle And Its Components Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment, production, operation, maintenance, support, and final disposition of a major system over its anticipated useful life span†. (Hassn, Zaina, 2014) There is much to be studied here in that the product has a lasting cost for generations to come; if the price isn’t paid now, it will be in the future type thinking. The costs that the product lifecycle is imposing on the earth should be considered in the product price. Nike has tackled the product lifecycle cost head on. The company hasRead MoreIntroduction Of Chobani Greek Yogurt2451 Words   |  10 PagesGreek Yogurt was founded in 2005 by Hamdi Ulukaya, who discovered an unmet demand of healthy, sustainable, and tasty yogurt. He also felt that American yogurt was â€Å"too sugary and watery† (Ulukaya, 2013). Therefore, Hamdi founded Chobani with the goals of making socially responsible, de licious, and healthy yogurt accessible to all, regardless of income or location (Cleveland, 2013). Their ideal is that â€Å"every food maker has the responsibility to provide people with better options†, and Hamdi insists; â€Å"if

Quality Improvement Proposal - 1567 Words

As a hospital, quality care should be a priority for patients that are going to be treated for a sickness, or any type of procedure that is going to take place. A lot of times a patient gets an infection while they were at the hospital, on top of being treated for what they original came in for. Health facilities should be environments of healing, which they are, but they also have tons of various types of germs and infections, which grasp onto individuals that have weak immune systems/are sick. Some infections that are at hospitals are Tuberculosis, VRE, VAP, C-Diff, UTI, and MRSA. Preventive measures to stop the spread of the infections is lacking tremendously in the work and aim to provide safety for all patient’s health. The work†¦show more content†¦Among reviewing CNAs at a long-term care facility, it was seen that some CNA’s did not take off their gloves between giving perineal care of a patient after the patient used the bathroom and the CNA reached for the patient’s attire to put on the patient for that day. The CNA put every patient at risk of contracting the infection and the patients clothes could have became a source of C-diff. There are many cases similar to the one above where health workers are in a rush and do not perform their job/skills that they have been taught correctly. Health workers being in a rush also is due to shortage of staff. The CNAs at the long term facility discussed in this paragraph work a 9:1 ratio, which causes challenges for the health workers to give quality care to the patients. This paragraph explains ways to prevent infections contracted from hospitals. The number one way to lower the spread of infections contracted through a hospital is correct sanitation customs. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a federal government agency has come up with guidelines in order to safeguard against the expansion of infections and diseases for patients and the workers (Hedman, 2010). It is mandatory for administrators of hospitals to write a disclosure policy to protect the workers from infections like Hepatitis B and other infections and bad bacteria. Minimizing infections that the workers have can aid in stopping the spread ofShow MoreRelatedThe Quality Improvement Proposal Of Implementing A Safety Plan2986 Words   |  12 Pagespast decade, inpatient admissions for pediatric patients have significantly increased by 68% due to the exhibition of self-injurious behaviors and increased suicidal ideation (YoungMinds, 2015). The focus of this paper is to introduce the quality improvement proposal of implementing a safety plan for staff to adhere to in order to promote ultimate patient safety on an inpatient child and adolescent psychiatric unit. The following information will also reflect the practice and challenges of the psychiatricRead MoreQuality Improvement Proposal Paper Part 11968 Words   |  8 PagesNURS 410 6380 Applying Evidence-Based Practice in Nur sing (2155) Assignment #4 Quality Improvement Proposal Paper Part 1 Helen Viban RN – BSN Program UMUC After the interview with my nurse manager, I came up with the PICO question which states: â€Å"Does the computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system reduce the number of medication errors compared to the common paper system being used today?† This question is important and I selected it because the population that the Belvoir CommunityRead MorePartnership For Patients ( Pfp )1481 Words   |  6 Pagesfunding through Medicare for a dual program to reduce hospital readmissions and transition care services. Since its founding, PfP has been quietly collaborating with many other federal agencies and offices to reduce readmissions and improve healthcare quality. Having pushed the concept of a public-private partnership, PfP aims to engage 100 percent of the eligible U.S. acute care medical centers to make hospital care safer, more reliable, and less costly. Eligible hospitals are those with a high readmissionRead MoreQuality Management Proposal Essay632 Words   |  3 PagesBJB Quality Management Proposal Outline Learning Team B Christie Bryant, John Deprimo, Kareemot Olorunoje, Ammy Solis, Michael Willis, and Patrice Wills MGT/420 Kathryn Kendall November 5, 2012 BJB Quality Management Proposal Outline Introduction As a manufacturer of high-end compact disc changers for the automobile aftermarket, BJB manufacturing currently has no quality program. The organization needs a strategy for improving business performance through the commitment and involvementRead MoreConsidering The Spanish Country Perspective1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe proposal Considering the Spanish country perspective and the theory regarding the information needs and dissemination towards the performance improvement of the health systems, the proposal involves the availability of the performance indicators in differentiated ways by the publishing of the report at three different levels: Government, Regional and Public. To embrace key stakeholders transversally across the EU countries, it was possible to identify three broad levels that will comprise differentRead MoreTraffic Congestion Everywhere in New York840 Words   |  3 Pagesbillions of dollars annually and causing health problems for its citizens, thus diminishing the quality of life of its citizens. The congestion issues in NYC have been raised because there are lots of traffic jam, wasted time, and emission. Traffic jams from congestions can levy the costs to the area more than $13 billion dollars every year (‘PlaNYC 2030’, www.NYC.gov). Because of those issues, quality of citize n’s life has been deteriorated (www.transportfutures.ca). Thus, the New York City mayorRead MoreEmergency Department Bottleneck1309 Words   |  6 PagesEmergency Department Bottleneck Proposal Joyan Thomas University of Phoenix Online OPS/HC 571 Patience McGee March 7, 2011 Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal Introduction Most hospitals experience the affects of the unexpected, ambiguity and uncertainty, and as a result, face challenges with quality. Middletown Hospital is a 200-bed general not-for-profit hospital. The hospital has a 20-bed Emergency Department (ED). It averages 100 patients per day. The CEO of the hospitalRead MoreThe National Environmental Policy Act Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagesvast ecosystems surrounding them. To obtain this goal and provide our future with resources as well, NEPA is separated into two titles. The first title declares the policy in detail while the second title focuses on the Council on Environmental Quality. The CEQ oversees the effectiveness of current methods, the reactions of the environment to those methods, and implements revisions as necessary. In Title I of NEPA, our government recognizes the immutable link between mankinds dealings and theRead MoreVendor Selection Process Redesign Proposal For Procurement1046 Words   |  5 Pagesredesign proposal for procurement The purpose of this proposal is to improve or change the vendor selection process to purchase of goods and services from Third Party Company for production of company products. In the company, the vendor selection process is managed by a project manager with the help of purchasing department. This includes the following process: †¢ Identification of potential vendors †¢ Request for proposal †¢ Evaluate response. †¢ Select vendor after negotiation. But in this proposal, theRead MoreThe For The Spanish Health Care System Perspective1382 Words   |  6 PagesTo develop a proposal about the extent of the diffusion of the Report Card is necessary to consider the Spanish health care system perspective, which will be appropriate for other decentralised countries like Sweden and Italy, but also to develop a proposal that can be suitable for other’s country within the EU. Health System Background Reformed into a tax-funded national health system (Sistema Nacional de Salud, SNS) during the 70-80s, this health system is considered as a complex but fruitful

When You Cant Sleep at Night free essay sample

Pretty little lady, with your swollen eyes, would you show them to me? I let the voice of Austin Carlile flow into my mindfrom my earbuds as I sat on my bed and stared out the window. The cold seeped into my body through the window that separated my tear ­stained face from the snow softly floating to the ground. I shoved my fist into my mouth to stifle the next sob as it tore its way up to my lips from deep down in my stomach.As I sat alone in the dark, I allowed myself to wallow in self ­pity, my insecurities gnawing at my every thought. Around the time of my sixteenth birthday, I realized that I didn’t just like boys? I liked girls too.For months after my realization, i could barely sleep.I would lie awake for hours, upset and afraid because the attraction I felt for men and women confused me and left me feeling wrong, like there was something inside of me that was messed up and needed to be fixed. We will write a custom essay sample on When You Cant Sleep at Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anytime I was able to fall asleep, I was plagued with nightmares.I would wake up in a cold sweat, tears in my eyes, unable to escape the hateful comments my friends and family spewed at me in my dreams.â€Å"You either like boys or girls, you can’t like both†, â€Å"it’s just a phase†, â€Å"you’re just confused†, â€Å"you’re a freak†, â€Å"that’s disgusting†, â€Å"stay away from me†.After two weeks of these ‘episodes’, I not only couldn’t sleep, I was terrified to.The people in my dreams knew who I really was? I couldn’t hide from them.So I hid from the real life versions.Thewalls I had built between myself and others grew taller and thicker.Because of my insecurities, around other people, I became a version of myself Id designed to hide my sexuality. I chose to satisfy others rather than stay true to myself. It had been almost 96 hours since I had last slept and I cou ld barely function.I eventually succumbed to my body’s desperate need for rest, but not even an hour later, I woke up because of yet another nightmare.â€Å"I hate you†, â€Å"I hate you†, â€Å"I hate you†.Those three words ran through my mind repeatedly as I tried to calm my breathing and hold back my tears. I was tired of crying. I was tired of not being able to sleep.I was tired of imagining everything that could go wrong.I was tired of hiding my sexuality.I was tired of suffering in silence. So I came out.Slowly at first.I told my best friend, and when he told me he still wanted to be my friend I felt the weight I had been carrying around start to fall off of my shoulders.With each positive response I received, I grew more and more comfortable being openly bisexual.I was able to force my mind to shut down and I could sleep through the night.The nightmares became less frequent and I wasn’t constantly plagued with anxiety and self ­consciousness. I still occasionally find myself anxiously scratching my arm, or wringing my hands due to the panic attacks brought on by my fear of rejection, and there are still nights when I only sleep for an hour or two.But that’s ok, the situation I’m in has no quick fix and the more confident with myself I become, the less frequent these events occur.Slowly embracing my sexuality has taught me that accepting myself the way I am should be one of, if not the, most important parts of my life and I shouldn’t sacrifice who I am to please the opinions of others, because if they truly are important, they’ll accept me too.

Introduction to Graphic Designing-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What Industry do you aspire to work in after you graduate? 2.What does this industry do? What kind of contribution does it make to society? Does it have specific aims involving the inclusion of indigenous communities? Does this industry differ according to country? 3.How many people are involved in the Industry? What kinds of roles or professions do they have? How has the industry grown or changed since it was first established? 4.What associations or peak bodies represent this Industry? How is it viewed by the broader public? 5.What area or role might you aspire to within this industry? 6.Are there requirements for professionals within this Industry? 7.What do professionals in the field identify as valued or necessary to be successful? Interviews with a variety of professionals have been recorded for this unit and are available on Moodle. 8.You might find it useful to look at current job advertisements for the field you aspire to, looking at the skills and qualifications that are desirable. 9.You might like to consider your personality and learning style, as well as skills gained through work experience and co-curricular activities. Avoid focussing on just generic skills (e.g. teamwork) be specific to the profession you have discussed. 10.How do you know these are your strengths/weaknesses? What prior experiences have led you to think so? Answers: Industry: 1.After the successful completion of my graduate education, I will try to get a job in the graphic designing industry. Many people think that graphic designing is a very good and easy job and provides lots of free time to the person in the industry. However, according to reality the hectic and long schedules that people work in this industry can make them shift their career in some other directions. Thus, this is a challenging career for me and I am thinking of applying in this industry. 2.This industry is mainly involved in doing artistic works intended for their clients. Any logos needed for a company or some other work needs to be created by professionals and these works are provided by graphic designers. Their contribution to the society is greater in terms of perceived emotions. For example, when I walk to school, I see road signs in street about the speed limit and an artwork of a car. This creates a good impression on the people and helps them to adapt their activities (Barnard, 2013). Graphic design industry uses the aboriginal layouts in their designs if required by their clients. However, the arts are not performed by indigenous communities but aboriginal contents are provided by designers. The designs differ according to different countries. Arts in Japan are supposed to include bright and bold colors while art in Europe includes simple and clean design. 3.According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 25,513 numbers of Australians were employed as graphic designers. In Melbourne, the number of graphic designers are 232411. The job roles of this population are the graphic designers, freelance graphic designer and the graphic/packaging designer. Since the ancient times, rock or cave art was the ultimate form of graphic design (Drucker, McVarish, 2013). After that, writings in stones were the next type of graphic arts. From these to writings in books, the graphic industry took proper establishment when the market of it increased and there were requirements of businesses with logos and designs. 4.Many people completely changed the graphic designing industry. Among them, the most important one is David Carson who changed the industry with his rule breaking designs and layouts. Saul Bass is another important person in 1950 that made the most important changes by making iconic movie posters. In addition, Paula Scher was the first woman to claim the lead in Pentagram due to her unique visual arts. Professional skills: 5.I aspire to become a graphic designer in this industry. The work done by a designer is artistic in nature and thus my interest in this work. 6.A graphic designer by profession is required to maintain a certain code of ethics. This will help them to develop responsibility and integrity in their work. For a career as a graphic designer, a bachelors degree from a University or a trade school certificate is required (Heller, 2015). In case of job interviews, a portfolio is required to be showcased to the interviewer to get the job. 7.For a successful graphic designer, many skills are required. The person needs to be good at communicating with clients to present his ideas with a charm and smart manner. A passion is needed to do the work as the work is not very easy to do and requires innovative ideas. The professional also needs to have problem solving attitudes and the ability to take criticism (Heller, 2015). Clients often change their requirements and causes unrest in the professionals. 8.There are many job requirements posted in moodle.org. Using this information, I can apply for job interviews in this section. Personal skills: 9.The graphic designer jobs provide many good qualities to the worker.A designer works by using the software necessary to implement the design, which can be done at home or in the office as well. The designer needs to be creative to know the designs and requires consistency to do the work. 10The jobs intended for graphic designing can be accomplished from my home and provides. Thus, ease of work is provided, as there is software to help in designing arts in computers. The creative style of a person is brought out in this work, as the basic requirement of this job is to be creative to do the work. The information that is intended to share is easily captured by the use of artistic designs. However, there is always criticism in this job life as people always think negative things about the work (Muller, 2014). The expectations of the work perceived and the reality is very different as clients often changes their requirements and are very difficult to please. Thus, by knowing the pros and cons of this industry, I surely think that I want to display my talents in such a challenging career and I am sure to succeed in this role. References: Barnard, M. (2013).Graphic design as communication. Routledge. Drucker, J., McVarish, E. (2013).Graphic design history: A critical guide. Pearson. Heller, S. (2015).The education of a graphic designer. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.. Muller, T. (2014). Identity formation and its role in optimal human development: a psychobiographical study of artist Jackson Pollock.New Voices in Psychology,10(1), 3-15.

Tax Law Residents and Foreign Residents

Question: Define the Tax Law for the Residents and Foreign Residents in Australia. Answer: Part 1 Fred, in the given situation will not be taxed in a manner same as the manner in which a resident would be taxed. Individuals in Australia are to be considered as resident for purposes of tax if they are residents of Australia under common law (ordinary meaning test or the common law); or if the domicile is that of Australia, unless to the satisfaction the place of permanent abode is established as not being in Australia (the test of domicile); or if the person is in Australia either intermittently or continuously for more than half of the income year, unless it is to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that it is not in Australia that the usual place of abode is and it is clear that there is no intention of taking up residence here (the 183 days test); or is the Commonwealth superannuation schemes member (Section 6, Australian Income Tax Assessment Act 1936) (Australian income tax assessment act 1936-1974, 1975). The main concept behind this is that the residence of the taxpayer is where the home is of that tax payer (Clinton, 2016). Whether the home of the tax payer is in Australia is a question of fact and if the same is found to be true than there is no requirement of moving any further. In the case of Levene v IRC (Levene v IRC [1928]) Viscount LC defined the term reside a established the meaning as defined under the Oxford English Dictionary meaning the permanent dwelling or for a considerable period of time, to have an individuals usual abode or ones settlement, to live at or in a certain place. The determination of the fact that a man has his usual abode or is settled there is not difficult, and if the same is established he would not become less of a citizen if he has left the country for pleasure or business (Ato.gov.au, 2016). The ATO issued the Taxing Ruling TR 98/17 to interpret the ordinary meaning of a resident (Wills 1997). The relevant factors are identified that whether a person who is entering the country is under the ordinary meaning a resident. The persons behaviors character and quality and the period for which they are present physically are a factor (Ato.gov.au, 2016). The character and quality of a person are indicated through secondary factors. Intention is the first main factor or the persons presences purpose. The ruling differentiates between a persons coming to Australia for employment purposes, travelling and education, albeit while doing work that is casual. The persons location of family is the second factor whether the person maintains outside his place of abode, business ties that he has in Australia and the contract of employments existence, particularly purchase and occupation of a house which may establish his home in the country. The living and social arrangements is the fourth factor which is an indicative of residence which include the childrens education, joining of club, leasing of a house. Any resident under the Taxation Ruling TR 98/17 would be considered to be a resident when he has crossed the stay period of six months and have begun demonstrating behavior which is constant with residence in Australia. Fred will not be thus classified as a resident as the main factor of residence is only not complied with; he has only for setting up his companys branch in the country. Other than this there is no intention of settling in Australia, further within the first year only he has returned back to Australia indicating that no behavior was demonstrated by him maintaining a residence in country. Part 2 California Cooper Syndicate Ltd. v Harris (Survey or of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 This case the main objective of the company was of acquiring of land that contained copper. There however, was no extraction of copper from the land. Subsequently this land was sold by the company to another company and as consideration the company was given the shares of that company (California Cooper Syndicate Ltd. v Harris (Survey or of Taxes), [1904]). It was opined by the court that the revenue generated from the lands sale is in nature income because the companys main purpose behind the land was for making profit by selling the land. Therefore, this would form an incident which is ordinary of the business of taxpayers and the nature of it would be income. Scottish Australian Mining Co. Ltd. FC of T 1950 81 CLR 188 This case the business which was being carried out by the company was that of coal mining on the parcel of land that was owned by it. After the company had extracted the entire coal from the said parcel of land over a period of time, the decision was made by it to sell this piece of land (Scottish Australian Mining Co. Ltd. FC of T, [1950]). To ensure that the land becomes more capable of being sold it was subdivided by the company and there were roads and such other infrastructure which was built on the land. It was opined by the court in this case that the profit which the company had made from the lands sale cannot be assessed since the business of the company was not of selling land and the purpose merely for selling the said piece of land was for realizing its capital asset to the best possible advantage of itself that it could. The nature of the profit was thus in nature capital. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR This case the company was a taxpayer which had been incorporated mainly for the purpose of acquiring of a parcel of undeveloped land which was located at the Whitfords Beach (FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd, [1982]). It was beach frontage access that the land had and a company was formed by a group of people so that they could have over the beach an access to be able to fish there. A few years later due to an offer which had been made to them, the issued share capital of the company, which was a taxpayer, was sold off. The shareholders who had bought the shares from the previous owners so that they are able to get the lands control and that they would be able to subdivide, develop and the sell the sites as residential and make a profit out of it. Eventually when this subdivided land was sold, it was argued by the new shareholders that the profit that was accrued from the sale was not in nature income but the capital asset realization of the company. However, it was opined the High Court that the companys development of the land and the eventual sale business and the profits which were accruing from this sale would be assessed as being ordinary income. It was further stated by the court that when the new shareholders had acquired this company the main intention that they had was they would develop, subdivide and eventually sell the land, thus changing the intention from that of the previous owners which had been for purposes that were non-commercial in nature. Thus the court held that it would be the business ordinary course of activity that the sale of land would fall into and therefore it would be an income which is assessable. Statham Anor. v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 This case a deceased estates trustees were the taxpayers. A parcel of land, which was for farming, had been acquired by this deceased with the intention that the family would be raised and some farm activities would be engaged with (Statham Anor. v FC of T, [1989]). The deceased a few years later sold the half portion of this land to company which was being controlled by the members of the family. Till this time also there was no intention which was there for reselling of the said property and making a profit out of such sale. A partnership was entered into by the new owners to raise on this land, cattle. There was no good performance that the partnership showed and it was eventually decided by the owners that they would subdivide this land and then sell it. During the time of the sale of land which was subdivided the deceased passed away. It was argued by the commissioner that the profit generated from the subdivided lands sale some of the land were income which was assessable of t he estate who had deceased. It was however, argued by the tax payers that the proceeds which were obtained from the sale of the land would not amount to income which was ordinary. The courts opined that the profit that would be generated from the sale of the land would not amount to ordinary income since, the parties activities indicated that the sale of the land was not for the conducting of business or for the generation of profit scheme or undertaking. Further, it was only because the business of farming and the partnership for cattle had failed that the decision had been taken by the owners for selling the land, this does not however, mean that it would automatically lead to the realization of the asset to become taxable. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 This case a farming property had been acquired by the taxpayer from his father and for the next twenty years he carried out on this land the business of primary production (Casimaty v FC of T 97, [1997]) . However, because of the debt that was growing and the poor health, it was decided by the taxpayer subsequently that he would subdivide and sell the lands large portion off. Over a period of 18 years a total of 8 subdivisions were made and roads, sewerage, fences and water facilities were constructed by the tax payer as the subdivisions part. It was contended by the commissioner that the profits which had accrued from the individual blocks sale were in nature ordinary income and thus they would be assessable on the basis that the business of subdivision of land was being carried out by the taxpayer. The court however, on appeal opined that the profits that had accrued from the sale were merely that capital assets realization and there was no business of land subdivision that was bei ng carried out by the taxpayer. Tax payer had acquired the land originally for farming purposes and for using it as a private residency and no evidence was available there that there was a change in this purpose. Mona Sand Pty Ltd. v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 This case the company had acquired a land which was located in Adelaide. A couple of years later a company acquired this land and the intention that had been stated was for the business of selling and/or working of the sand which was there (Mona Sand Pty Ltd. v FC of T, [1988]). After an application was received that the government wished to mine this land that was owned by them. A number of letters were then sent by the taxpayer stating their objection for the same. It was stated by them that the land had been held by them with the aim of subdividing and then selling it. It was later discovered by the taxpayer that the government had rezoned this land as being rural and there was later an intention of the Government for preserving this land was discovered. The Government eventually resumed that said land for a cost of $500,000. The payment of this amount was made in two tranches. It was contended by the Commissioner that this amount was the taxpayers ordinary income, since the tax p ayer had stated its intention of subdividing and selling the property for a profit. It was however argued by the taxpayer that the acquiring of the parcel of land was initially only for selling of sand and later sometime they had thought of subdividing it. Therefore there existed both an intention to be able to derive from the said land income and also to be able to sell this land at a later stage. The court however, opined that the amount which they had was ordinary income, since though it was through a transaction that was isolated that this amount was received, the ultimate intention of the taxpayer for selling this land was still indicated by it. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 This case there a large amount of money which had been borrowed by a farmer for purchasing five blocks of land over a ten year period. This land was for some time used for the purposes of grazing, farming and for crop cultivation (Crow v FC of T, [1988]). However, eventually there was subdivision of this land. For the starting two years and then over a period of number of year there were 51 blocks which had been sold by the taxpayer eventually and he made a net profit overall of $388,288. It was opined by the Federal Court that, the profit which had been made by the taxpayer was assessable as a business of land development was being carried out by him. The court although, did acknowledge that for a short period of time at the very beginning where the use of the land was as a farm. However, evidence was found considering the amount of debt that had been taken by him that at the outset the taxpayer knew that it would be required to sell some of the land off. There was a systematic and repetitive characteristic of the transactions which were there in the said case with the purchasing of different properties and then subsequently subdividing and selling the parcels of land. There was difference that was made in this case and the Scottish Australian Mining Company case stating that the company had used the property for mining for a substantial period of time unlike this case where the business of farming was continued for only a short period of time. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The taxpayers in this case had purchased a plot of land. There was an old house on this land. This house was removed by the taxpayers and there were three townhouses that were constructed in this place. Even before these townhouses were completed they were advertised for sale. This was however, not a success (McCurry Anor v FC of T, [1998]). The Tax payer and his family moved into two of the townhouses subsequently and lived there for a period of one year approximately, they were sold at this point of time and total net profit which was made was of $150,000 approximately. The taxpayers a few years later then purchased another parcel of land where units were constructed by them and these were then sold. It was contended by the Commissioner that the profits which accrued from the townhouses sale were income that was ordinarily assessable as it was a result of a profit making activity which was commercial in nature. It was argued by the taxpayers that the sale of the land was merely to realize the capital asset and therefore could not be classified as ordinary income since, these townhouses were being used for residential purposes and it was only when there were financial difficulties that it was sold. It was opined by the court that the lands sale was ordinary income because the purpose with which the land had been acquired was commercial and the view behind it was for making profit for selling it. It was not for an investment purpose that the land was purchased and hence cannot be stated to be realization of capital asset. References Ato.gov.au. (2016).Examples of residents and foreign residents | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/In-detail/Residency/Examples-of-residents-and-foreign-residents/ [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Ato.gov.au. (2016).Residency tests | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/Residency-tests/ [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Australian income tax assessment act 1936-1974. (1975). North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia Ltd. California Cooper Syndicate Ltd. v Harris (Survey or of Taxes)[1904]5 TC 159. Casimaty v FC of T 97[1997]ATC 5135. Clinton, A. (2016).; Bentley, Duncan; James, Simon --- "The New Zealand Definition of "Residence" for Individuals: Lessons for Australia in a "Global" Environment" [2001] JlATax 1; (2001) 4(1) Journal of Australian Taxation 40. [online] Austlii.edu.au. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlATax/2001/1.html [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Crow v FC of T[1988]88 ATC 4620. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd[1982]150 CLR. Levene v IRC[1928]AC 217. McCurry Anor v FC of T[1998]98 ATC 4487. Mona Sand Pty Ltd. v FC of T[1988]88 ATC 4897. Scottish Australian Mining Co. Ltd. FC of T[1950]81 CLR 188. Statham Anor. v FC of T[1989]ATC 4070. Wills, M. (1997). The Income Tax Implications of a Foreign Individual Contracting to do Business in Australia, with Particular Reference to the Concepts of 'Residence' and 'Source'.Bond Law Review, 3.

RNA Interference an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

RNA Interference RNA interference is an accepted mechanism for suppressing gene expression. This anti-viral response can be exploited to permit to specific reticence of the intention of any chosen target genes as well as those concerned in causing diseases such as cancer, AIDS and hepatitis (Downward, 2004). It is already imposing as a very useful research tool which allows for faster characterization of the intention of the known genes. More importantly, it augments efficient genomics to assist in the uncovering of novel genes concerned in the disease development. Many peopleboth scientists and laymanare gambling that it can be used as an valuable therapeutic strategy to suppress the actions of the target cells (source of disease) (Downward, 2004). Need essay sample on "RNA Interference" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Very Often Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm not getting closer to completing that type essay by the time due. Somebody save me from losing control! Click On Order Button And Get Ready To Be Impressed Paper Writing Service Buy Written Essays Best Essay Writing Service College Essay Writing Service Histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic fungus that is that contributory agent of histoplasmosis which is one of the most common fungal respiratory illnesses in the world. In an experiment conducted by Bohse and Woods in 2007, it was found out that the YPS3 gene of the fungus predetermines a protein that is both surface-constrained in the cell wall and is released into a medium that was made up of agarose and supplemental FeSO4. (Bohse whereas in this case, it was 37C and apparently, it showcased normal virulence in a raw cell line (Bohse & Woods, 2007). Meanwhile, in another model of infection, the mutants yielded a significant reduction in fungal burdens, principally in the peripheral phagocyte-rich tissues of the liver and spleen (Bohse & Woods, 2007). Within 3 days, the imperfection in the organ colonization was observable and it aggravated at later time points (Bohse & Woods, 2007). There is an association of YPS3 gene expression with the pathogenicity since only the most potent strains of the specimens express it (Bohse & Woods, 2007). Experiments that were done at certain times revealed that the control strain either amplified or persisted fungal burdens in the lungs, liver and spleen during the sequence of the infection over the course of the experiment(Bohse & Woods, 2007). With the RNA interference mutants, the disease levels in all the organs diminished which then only shows a relationship with the beginning of obtained immunity and may be consistent with YSP3 participation in some aspect of the process (Bohse & Woods, 2007). For plummeting the fungal burdens and promotion of organ clearance, an acquired resistance, production of cytokines gamma interferon and tumor necrosis for factor alpha served to be of great importance (Bohse & Woods, 2007). RNA interference does not only work or is helpful in suppressing respiratory diseases but also, it plays a vital role in helping biologists to silence the expression of some cells that might be of great danger to our health including cancer, AIDS, etc. In the experiment that was scrutinized above, biologists focused on the suppression of YPS3 gene that serves as a vector of histoplasmosis; which is an inflammatory disease. This was made possible with the help of RNA interference which they used as a mechanism to silence its expression. This experiment only proves that RNA interference is an important tool to counter act the possible appalling effects of the gene that we want to suppress. Although it is a very effective tool, it would not be so great if there will be no bacteriophage to assist the whole operation. In short, RNA interference cannot work by itself; it has to have an assistant so that it can effectively work. RNA interference is a major breakthrough in the world of science and medicine. Because of such discovery, scientists are able to manipulate the genetic composition of cells that contain genes that are harmful not just on humans but on the bigger scale, even on our environment. There is hope in the future that it will be very useful in curing some diseases that are very hard to cure these days and there is no denying that it will not be very soon. References: Bohse, M. L., & Woods, J. P. (2007). RNA Interference-Mediated Silencing of the YPS3 Gene of Histoplasma capsulatum Reveals Virulence Defects [Electronic Version]. Retrieved December 7, 2007, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1932869 Downward, J. (2004). RNA interference [Electronic Version]. Retrieved December 7, 2007, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=416605

Calcium In A Plant Based Diet Essays - Calcium, Diets, Osteoporosis

Calcium In A Plant Based Diet Many people choose to avoid milk and other dairy products because they contain fat, cholesterol, allergenic proteins, lactose, and frequently traces of contamination. Milk is also linked to juvenile-onset diabetes, and other serious conditions. Happily, there are plenty of other, safer and more reliable sources of calcium. Keeping your bones strong depends more on preventing the loss of calcium from your body than on boosting your calcium intake. Some cultures consume no dairy products and typically ingest only 175 to 475 milligrams of calcium per day. However, these people generally have low rates of osteoporosis. Many scientists believe that exercise and other factors have more to do with osteoporosis than calcium intake does. Calcium in the Body. Almost all the calcium in the body is in the bones. There is a tiny amount in the bloodstream which is responsible for important functions such as muscle contractions, maintenance of the heartbeat, and transmission of nerve impulses. We constantly lose calcium from our bloodstream through sweat and other excretions. It is renewed with calcium from the bones. In this process, bones continually lose calcium. This bone calcium must be replaced from food. Calcium needs change throughout life. Up to the age of 30 or so, we consume more calcium than we lose. Adequate calcium intake during childhood and adolescence is especially important. Later, the body begins to slip into ?negative calcium balance? and the bones start to lose more calcium than they take up. The loss of too much calcium can lead to soft bones or osteoporosis. How rapidly calcium is lost depends, in part, on the kind and amount of protein you eat as well as other diet and life-style choices. Reducing Calcium Loss. A number of factors affect calcium loss from the body: ? Diets that are high in protein cause more calcium to be lost through the urine. Pro tein from animal products is much more likely to cause calcium loss than protein from plant foods. This may be one reason that vegetarians tend to have stronger bones than meat eaters. ? Caffeine increases the rate at which calcium is lose through urine. ? Alcohol inhibits calcium absorption. ? The mineral boron may slow the loss of calcium from bones. ? Exercise slows bone loss and is one of the most important factors in maintaining bone health. Sources of Calcium: Exercise and a diet moderate in protein will help to protect your bones. People who eat plant-based diets and who lead an active life-style probably have lower calcium needs. However, calcium is an essential nutrient for everyone. It is important to eat calcium-rich foods every day. The following chart will tell you the calcium content of many foods. Legumes Calcium (mg) Chickpeas, 1 cup, canned....................78 Great Northern beans, 1 cup boiled.........121 Green beans, 1 cup boiled....................58 Green peas, 1 cup boiled......................44 Kidney beans, 1 cup boiled.................50 Lentils, 1 cup boiled..............................37 Lima beans, 1 cup boiled......................52 Navy beans, 1 cup boiled...................128 Pinto beans, 1 cup boiled.....................82 Soybeans, 1 cup boiled......................175 Tofu, raw, firm - 1/2 cup......................258 Vegetarian baked beans, 1 cup..........128 Wax beans, 1 cup canned................. 174 White beans, 1 cup boiled.................161 If using ?Calcium Fortified? products, check the source of the calcium. Bibliography Vegetarian Journal Future Link The Internet

Free Essays on My Generation

My Generation There is a wide range of differences that have occurred from generation to generation. Most of them are issues between my parent’s generation and my generation, â€Å"Generation T.† The generation of today has seen many advancements in technology from palm pilots to the world of virtual reality. Technology has even gone as far as creating a robotic dog that behaves just like a real dog. Technology is not the only area that makes our generation different from any other. Our generation has also seen many changes in the style of living such as marriage, dating and even the responsibilities we take on. Marriage in past generation such as my parent’s generation was seen as more of a sacred ritual than it is today. Many couples back then married at a very young age and have maintained healthy marriages throughout their lives. My parents decided to get married after I was born; my mom was sixteen and my dad was 17. They have been married now for 20 years and have enjoyed every minute of it. In today’s generation people are not marrying as young but the divorce rate is higher than ever. Many married couples today get married for the wrong reasons or they decide to bail rather than work their problems out. Another difference between my generation and my parent’s generation is the dating guidelines. In the past it was unheard of for a girl or boy to hangout at each other’s houses. Kids had to sneak around and lie to their parents about where they were going and with whom they were hanging out. Today some parents allow their sons or daughters to sleep over their boyfriend or girlfriend’s house. Half of the parents today don’t even know where their children are at half the time. Finally, the responsibilities of today’s generation has decreased tremendously. In my parent’s generation young adults had to pay for their own expenses, clothing, and cars. Some young adults had to take care of their younger... Free Essays on My Generation Free Essays on My Generation My Generation My generation, Generation Y, people born between the mid 1980's to the mid 1990's, is a very different group of people compared to previous generations. My generation is a very corrupt and rebellious group that does not comply with previous generations’ social standards. Compared to previous generations, the people of my generation are looked at as rebels and punks. We are an independent, undisciplined, and inconsiderate group. People in my generation have totally lost the meaning of a relationship. There are many relationships that are disrupted due to a person cheating. Cheating is extremely common in my generation today. People my age usually do not care to be in a long term relationship, but to get with as many girls, or guys, as possible. I think that some are hesitant to start relationships due to the fact that they know they will not remain within the barriers of the relationship. Another factor to our failed relationships is unprotected sex. Many relationships are cut short due to a child being involved. People have premarital unprotected sex which results in broken relationships because a child is now involved. The boyfriend, either afraid or not wanting the responsibility of taking care of his child, leaves the girlfriend. This is a huge reason why so many premarital relationships fail. My generation is very reluctant to commitment, which is why the marriage rate has significantly dropped and the divorce rate has skyrocketed. In previous generations it was not as common to get a divorce. Today it seems as if every time you turn your head someone is getting a divorce. Some couples that have premarital sex and get pregnant get married for the child, but soon get divorced. This reason alone has affected the divorce rate greatly. Today, almost 50% of marriages result in a divorce. This number is huge compared to less than 10% from the 1940's to the 1960's and 20 % from the 1970's to late 1980's earl... Free Essays on My Generation My Generation There is a wide range of differences that have occurred from generation to generation. Most of them are issues between my parent’s generation and my generation, â€Å"Generation T.† The generation of today has seen many advancements in technology from palm pilots to the world of virtual reality. Technology has even gone as far as creating a robotic dog that behaves just like a real dog. Technology is not the only area that makes our generation different from any other. Our generation has also seen many changes in the style of living such as marriage, dating and even the responsibilities we take on. Marriage in past generation such as my parent’s generation was seen as more of a sacred ritual than it is today. Many couples back then married at a very young age and have maintained healthy marriages throughout their lives. My parents decided to get married after I was born; my mom was sixteen and my dad was 17. They have been married now for 20 years and have enjoyed every minute of it. In today’s generation people are not marrying as young but the divorce rate is higher than ever. Many married couples today get married for the wrong reasons or they decide to bail rather than work their problems out. Another difference between my generation and my parent’s generation is the dating guidelines. In the past it was unheard of for a girl or boy to hangout at each other’s houses. Kids had to sneak around and lie to their parents about where they were going and with whom they were hanging out. Today some parents allow their sons or daughters to sleep over their boyfriend or girlfriend’s house. Half of the parents today don’t even know where their children are at half the time. Finally, the responsibilities of today’s generation has decreased tremendously. In my parent’s generation young adults had to pay for their own expenses, clothing, and cars. Some young adults had to take care of their younger...

Your Awesome Team Is Using CoSchedule! Now What

Your Awesome Team Is Using ! Now What Congrats on your phenomenal decision to use ! Now its time to rock this amazing platform as a team and get the best results of your career. To do this, youre going to need to do a few key things. In this post, Ill walk you through exactly what to do.  Youll learn: How to get your team to consistently use the tool 😀 How to develop a built-in mechanism for sustained results. Exactly why (and how) to keep your team hungry to win. Now, lets set your team up to win. Helping your  marketing team win feels amazing. Crushing goals is gratifying. empowers both. But sustaining wins and new habits on any team thats the tough part. Especially because marketing is really hard. Our job is to  make hyper growth happen  every day. So, to get a quick win (and leg up on your competition), take advantage of this Your Awesome Team Is Using ! Now What? by @jordan_loftis via @Take Advantage Of Your Extra-Special Bonus 🚀 Because youre the best, Ive got something extra special for you. If you wanna learn why over 8,000 marketing teams across the world choose to organize and execute their entire marketing strategy in one place Schedule a 30 minute marketing demo of right now. Youll see exactly how legendary teams like Convince Convert, Smart Passive Income, and Campaign Monitor get amazing results with .   (And short cuts on how your team can do the same. Today!) Now, pick a time for your 1-on-1 marketing demo and lets get to it. The Value Of Mission Control Youve heard of mission control for NASA, right? Thats the room full of geniuses who keep launching rockets from crashing into orbiting satellites (among a million other things). Imagine a space program without an organized mission control! How impossible would it be to keep all of the moving parts in coordination without a single source of truth? Well, thats exactly what is for your team: is the mission control center for your entire marketing program. Your single source of truth that keeps all the moving parts working in perfect sync. All while making the chaos of inevitable fire drills manageable. So the first step is helping your team understand what   really is. Its waaaay more than a place to schedule social media messages (though its amazing at that). Its a platform to organize, launch, and coordinate: âÅ"…Marketing campaigns âÅ"…Project workflows âÅ"…Email marketing âÅ"…Social analytics âÅ"…Social media scheduling âÅ"…Intelligent social media automation all from a visual marketing calendar that gives you an eagle-eye view of everything in one place. Help your team understand the power (and nature) of . Then, its time to make it sticky. How To Facebook-ify For Your Team To keep your team hyper-engaged users, take a page out of Facebooks playbook. Facebook is one of the most successful software companies on the planet. Sure, theyve had their rough spots lately. But their success in one key metric predicts a favorable outcome What matters is the all-important software stat: Daily Active Users  (DAU). DAU measures the stickiness of an application. And if Facebook was a candy, it would be bubble gum. Facebook boasts 1.47 billion DAU Or about 74% of its global user base. Source: Statista The good news for us is that their stickiness tactics arent a big secret theyre rooted in psychology that we can use, too. Develop Smart Marketing Habits As A Team Theres a famous quote credited to the ancient philosopher Aristotle: â€Å"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.† These words are super portable for anyone who cares about sustaining change in organizations Keeping your team engaged with is no exception! Remember, your teams success is your success. And thats where positive, team-based habits come in. How Habits Work (And Why It Matters) According to a study in the British Journal of General Practice, healthcare points to this as well. Furthermore, even when patients successfully initiate the recommended changes, the gains are often transient because few of the traditional behaviour change strategies have built-in mechanisms for maintenance. Unless positive changes become engrained habits, hitting goals will become an exception, not a rule. And thats no good 😠¢ The study defines habits this way: Habits are actions that are triggered automatically in response to contextual cues that have been associated with their performance. What you can do is help make daily usage of into a habit by reinforcing habit loops. For a marketer using , this habit loop might look like this Step One: The Contextual Cue Lets say your team is planning a new campaign. And you need to get all of this stuff organized 📠Ã‚  creative brief, 📄  landing page, âÅ"‰ï ¸ Ã‚  email content, âÅ" Ã¯ ¸ Ã‚  blogs, 🙋†Ã¢â„¢â‚¬Ã¯ ¸  social media posts, 🎉  good ole press release, ðŸÅ' Ã‚  graphic design assets, 🎠¯Ã‚  target KPIs, 📈  analytics reporting, 😠«Ã‚  and more Thats a lot of stuff for anyone to wrangle. (And the list is probably missing plenty of other things you do, too.) Step Two: The Engrained Action Now, be honest about how your team works. Whats everyones go-to action given the contextual cue of planning and launching a fresh campaign? For tons of marketers, its firing up yet *another*  spreadsheet! Everything gets a tab. Everyone gets access (most of the time). And faster than you thought possible, chaos reigns. ^^^If those images look familiar, it means youre in good company. Theyre actual screenshots of how customers used to manage their marketing! We call this mess  makeshift marketing. Simply put, makeshift marketing happens when disconnected tools and apps are mashed into one martech stack that doesnt play nice together. For many, this is one of the most difficult series of habits to reform. Happily, theres good news Step two is complete when your new automated action, or habit, is executed. Then, immediately, one more magic thing happens. Step Three: The Glorious Reward In Charles Duhiggs modern classic,  The Power of Habit, the author outlines a third piece to the habit puzzle: the wondrous reward! The reward is what reinforces the habit loop. With every revolution, the habit gets more powerful. More automatic. More engrained. This means it requires less effort over time. In our example, the spreadsheet the spreadsheet or disconnected systems that once gave a sense of control, organization, and peace of mind fade away. And managing everything in as your mission control becomes steps A to Z. Heads Up, Leaders Your Habits Become Your Teams Habits The linchpin to keeping your team engaged in is modeling the right habits so you get amazing results every time. Imagine what it would mean if your team smashed marketing goals with the same frequency as brushing your teeth? That, class, is habit 101 🠤“ Now, lets look at exactly how move from marketing mess To marketing mastery with . Research at UCL Epidemiology and Public Health found it takes an average of 21 – 66 days to solidify a habit. To help your team, use this simple approach. Start with your teams goal, then reverse engineer actions to accomplish it. Establish consistent accountability. Build out *at least* a 21-day habit roadmap for everyone on your team to follow. Work Backwards From Your Teams Goal Start by pulling a Stephen Covey Begin with the end in mind. Then  reverse engineer the consistent actions your team needs to take to get there. For example, lets imagine your team needs to grow social media engagement by 40% across all channels. To start, pull your Social Engagement Report in . This will give you an instant snapshot of where you stand overall  and each channel individually. From here you can reverse engineer your fresh strategy and tactics to skyrocket that engagement. More importantly, you can see what your team must be doing  every week to grow those numbers. Intense, short-term efforts will give those KPIs a lift right away But its turning your highest-value actions into habits that help you win over the long haul. For example, what if you learn that social images get double the engagement of every other message type? The new habit should be that everything your team does has 3 – 5 images to promote it. Or perhaps  your team rocks video  and your audience eats it up. Your new behavior may become a Facebook live video with every new post. Heres an example anatomy: Contextual cue: You publish fresh content. Action: A Facebook live video giving quick value from the content plus a juicy call to action. Reward: More social media engagement + referral traffic + happy bosses ðŸ˜Æ' Build Accountability Into Your Teams Weekly Cadence To do what Ive been describing means using the A word accountability. Accountability gets a bad rap because we often associate it with the threat of punishment. But what if there is a better way? Turns out, there is! Accountability gets a bad rap because we often associate it with the threat of punishment.If youre accountable for your actions, youre definitely responsible for their outcomes. But a  multi-year study involving over 40,000 participants found: Accountability is incorrectly perceived as strictly consequential and almost entirely after-the-fact- 80% of those surveyed say feedback is something that happens to them only when things go wrong or not at all. Not very helpful. In reality, accountability can be more positive than negative. It starts with ditching the word and leveraging its  essence. Accountability is about: clarity, alignment of actions with goals, and enablement of the right behaviors. Superpower Organization With Clarity Now lets tackle another troublesome stat from the accountability study: 85% of survey participants indicated they werent even sure what their organizations are trying to achieve The quickest path to growth is being ultra clear with what results your team is after. Is there one overarching goal you absolutely must achieve? Then talk about non-stop. Is that big goal supported by smaller, short-term goals? Then keep those short-term goals in perspective and help your team see how they accomplish your overall mission And how helps you get there. One of the best ways to do this is through twice-per-week numbers check in. Automate Clarity With Strategic Reporting Via If we keep with our social engagement example, heres what it might look like. In , you can easily automate key reports. In this case, the social engagement report makes sense. To get there, hop on over to your analytics tab, then choose  Social Engagement Report. Next, click on  the  Schedule Report button. Then add any team members or stakeholders who should see it. Your progress will be automatically reported to everyone who needs to keep up with it all without you having to pull numbers yourself 🠤“ Keep your team focused on the goal even amidst the hustle and fast pace of your marketing program. Align Your Actions And Goals With Enter the supercharging power of habits. By performing the right actions every day, your team will move the needle in the right direction. As you keep the mission in front of your team, help them understand the best course to take them there. The perfect places to do this is in your team meetings. You can start  by having everyone answer this simple question: If you could only do one thing every day to achieve [team goal], what would it be? Every person answers Then explains why that action is so powerful. Use To Enable The Most Effective Behaviors And now, enable those powerful behaviors by answering a third question: What roadblocks exist between you and consistently [taking desired action]? As a team leader, you should be an obstacle bulldozer. Its tough enough to form new habits individually, much less for a team. So clear the debris and get the dirt piles out of the way! Clear the clutter then keep doing it. Step Three: Create A 21-Day Habits Roadmap For Your Team Now lets bring this one in for a landing. The best way forward is for you to get clear on what the next 21 working days with should look like for every person on your team. According to our BFF science, it takes anywhere from 18 to 254 days to establish a new habit. Thats a pretty big gap So, I suggest a quicker win: outline a 21-day habit roadmap for every person on your team. In one of my fave startup books,  Lean Analytics,  authors Alistair Croll and Benjamin Yoskovitz  explain the right thought process for setting goal metrics, saying: [I]f you want to change behavior, your metric must be tied to the behavioral change you want. So focus the roadmap on the most important behavior youd like to instill into each team member. Simply show your team youre just as committed as they should be. Create a Projects Checklist.Assign it to the right person and set its completion date 21 days from now. Then, assign the right actions. A clever way to start is by having each team member outline their own habit loop. How will they engrain this new high-value activity? What works for their personality? How can they own the process themselves? Have them define a cue, routine, and reward. Then, they should run through the habit loop  every single day for the next 21 working days. This might look like: A 21-day video promotion campaign, Log into every day to mark tasks completed ☑ï ¸ , And even write a fresh social post every single day. Whatever the actions are, make sure you empower your team to make time each day. Habits are built in three simple steps: 1. Cue. 2. Routine. 3. Reward.Whats Next For Making A Habit? To change results, you had to change behaviors. To keep your results, you must sustain behaviors.

Free Essays on Ethics Of Social Work

A most unquestionably rewarding career is one in which the well being of others is the main objective. A social worker is a professional whose agenda is working towards the betterment of others’ lives. Somewhat of a caretaker, whose complete and total dedication is for the noble cause of protecting human life and health in a moral and ethical manner. Social workers must cope with many diverse patients who are facing deep, personal calamities. These practitioners are the bearers of ocean-deep private and confidential information, thus carrying an enormous responsibility. The patients are banking on that all information confided with their social workers will remain confidential. All entrusted information is kept private, however, there are times where it is imperative that such classified information will be revealed. Confidentiality is grounded on the rights of privacy, yet nonetheless also on the responsibility to human life and security. Both are exceedingly of great magnitu de and must be weighed individually on a case-by-case scenario using professional training. Human life is and evidently shall remain of the highest priority. If human life is at stake, it is the social worker’s obligation to protect the client or the potential victim. Under such circumstances, a Social Worker is obliged to shelve professional ethics in complete similarly to Judaism, where a religious practice may be suspended in order to save a life. Judaism places life as the highest priority and life therefore, is of highest value. A scenario is painted whereby Shabbat dinner is suddenly disrupted by a call from a patient who is currently standing over a bridge and threatening to end his life unless his Social Worker will come and talk him out of committing such act. Driving on Shabbat is of course, a sin. According to Judaism, the Social Worker should, and must go to the patient in order to save his life. Consequently, keeping Shabbat would not be consider... Free Essays on Ethics Of Social Work Free Essays on Ethics Of Social Work A most unquestionably rewarding career is one in which the well being of others is the main objective. A social worker is a professional whose agenda is working towards the betterment of others’ lives. Somewhat of a caretaker, whose complete and total dedication is for the noble cause of protecting human life and health in a moral and ethical manner. Social workers must cope with many diverse patients who are facing deep, personal calamities. These practitioners are the bearers of ocean-deep private and confidential information, thus carrying an enormous responsibility. The patients are banking on that all information confided with their social workers will remain confidential. All entrusted information is kept private, however, there are times where it is imperative that such classified information will be revealed. Confidentiality is grounded on the rights of privacy, yet nonetheless also on the responsibility to human life and security. Both are exceedingly of great magnitu de and must be weighed individually on a case-by-case scenario using professional training. Human life is and evidently shall remain of the highest priority. If human life is at stake, it is the social worker’s obligation to protect the client or the potential victim. Under such circumstances, a Social Worker is obliged to shelve professional ethics in complete similarly to Judaism, where a religious practice may be suspended in order to save a life. Judaism places life as the highest priority and life therefore, is of highest value. A scenario is painted whereby Shabbat dinner is suddenly disrupted by a call from a patient who is currently standing over a bridge and threatening to end his life unless his Social Worker will come and talk him out of committing such act. Driving on Shabbat is of course, a sin. According to Judaism, the Social Worker should, and must go to the patient in order to save his life. Consequently, keeping Shabbat would not be consider...

The importance of telephon consultancy service provided by SOCIAL Essay

The importance of telephon consultancy service provided by SOCIAL SUPPORT CENTER in solving social problems in UAE - Essay Example nal (advice, suggestions, or directives that assist the person to respond to personal or situational demands), emotional (empathy, concern, caring, love, and trust) and appraisal (transmission of information in the form of affirmation, feedback and social comparison) (Bilthoven) Advice through telephone is a common form of social support. Many people in our society need emotional support and that can be achieved using telephonic advices. For example, anxiety and depression are common problems in many people because of the increased commitments and such people can seek the support/advice from social workers in order to reduce/eliminate their stress. There are many people in our society who is facing physical and emotional problems which can be tackled up to certain extent through telephonic advices or support. UAE is a country which is facing so many social problems and the people are reluctant to reveal it publicly. When people approaches social support centres directly, their privacy cannot be guaranteed. Such people can seek the assistance of telephonic advices from social centres to solve their problems. This paper briefly explains the telephone consultancy services in UAE in solving social problems. UAE doctors have recently warned the public that more local women are taking up smoking shisha as part of a worrying new lifestyle trend within the UAE. Dr. Bassam Mahboub has explained that the exact number of women smokers is difficult to know becasue they are smoking at private places (AMEinfo.com). Solomon et al (1996), after a thorough research have found that social support through telephone calls using ex-smokers is effective in making positive changes in women smoking (Solomon et al, p.379). Women smokers are large in many countries and UAE is also not an exception. Unlike other countries, it is difficult to estimate the number of women smokers in UAE since most of them smoke privately because of their fear of tight social and cultural norms. These female

Mandatory Volunteerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mandatory Volunteerism - Essay Example A current debate that is seemingly drawing a lot of focus revolves around whether community service ought to be made mandatory within the high schools in America. Many schools stipulate that to qualify for graduation, students are obliged to take part in community service for a predetermined period. The proponents of mandatory community service intimate that it develops leadership skills among students. It is a stepping-stone for future job positions that value leadership. On the counterargument side, opponents argue that community service should not be made a subject of force. Opponents hold that it is a bad idea for schools to bend the arms of students to volunteer. In spite of the fact that teaching students to offer voluntary services to the community is ideal, establishing a systemic requirement that compels them to do so is a grave mistake. They hold that volunteerism is an essential value to instill upon teenagers but it is the role of parents, not teachers, to pass the value on to the developing teenagers. Volunteering in the community ought not be a prerequisite for any achievement, in this case a quantifiable tenet for students to attain prior to submitting their forms. The counterargument intimates that true volunteerism ought to emerge from the will of an individual and the motivation they have to help others. Making it mandatory therefore functions to kill that drive. By making volunteering mandatory, school officials are in essence replicating the mandatory system ascribed to penitentiaries all over the country. Moreover, by implementing mandatory volunteerism, students carry the extra burden of an external criterion that is a prerequisite for graduation. A considerable number of students tend to concur with this paradigm as cited by a survey carried out by the council charged with the excellence of the

FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN EU LOW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN EU LOW - Essay Example nce of the European Court of Justice's (ECJ) ruling was. In Defrenne, the individual acted against a condition in her contract of employment that required her to retire at the age of 40, whilst male employees continued up to the age of 55. She pleaded her defense on the basis of Article 141 of the Treaty of Amsterdam (then Article 119), guaranteeing equal pay for equal work. The fundamental problem at hand was whether the provision could be enforced horizontally- against a private party by such a party- as Sabena Airline was classified as a private party, albeit with the state as a majority shareholder, on the basis that it was constituted under private law, and with staff under private contracts of employment. However, the ECJ held that Article 141 did have direct effect so that the equal pay principle applied to contractual relations between employer and employee in a Member States. This was on the grounds that 'Article 119 is a mandatory in nature'. But because of a general principle of legal certainty, there could not be direct effect for retrospective applications, thus only claims for equal pay already brought at the date of the Defrenne judgment could be pursued in national courts. The Defrenne case also provides an example of the court interpreting the Van Gend En Loos conditions for direct effect flexibly. Article 141 states that 'the application of the principle that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work', and this was deemed to lack sufficient precision to be invoked by a private party and enforced by a national court. This is on the basis that it did not impose a precise negative obligation on the Member States- or Belgium in this case- nor did it provide a clear definition of terms such as 'priciple' or 'pay' or 'equal work'.5 However, the case retains its credibility as the court segregated the principle of equal work, within the article, with the factual uncertainties regarding the terms stipulated. Indeed, the case shows a clear determination by the courts to ensure tht the EC's aims were not ignored by laggard Member States. As a conclusion, therefore, the aforementioned considerations portray that Defrenne was successful in her claims, and the court did give priority to the social, rather than economic, aims of Aritcle 141, upholding 'one of the fundamental human rights', and therefore pursing its obligation to ensure the respect of such rights.6 The case of Baudet7 was another case relying on the success of the Defrenne claim. However, Defrenne was only successful in claiming the first of her three claims- that in respect of wages paid to her during her employment by Sabena. The other two, the indemnity paid to her at the termination of her employment and her pension rights could not be claimed as the court deemed that

A Reflection and Evaluation to Personal and Organizational Business Research Paper

A Reflection and Evaluation to Personal and Organizational Business Ethics - Research Paper Example Corporate organizations, or any professional organization for that matter, will always have to reach a point when improvement is needed or that the need for change should be addressed. Such scenarios happen within an organization, whether minor adjustments in policies or complete organization structure overhauls, are usually necessary so that operations or activities can progress accordingly. However, the central issue really of organizational development is all about the welfare of the individuals working within the organization, and the manner which their abilities and performance in reaching the organization’s objectives are achieved. Also taken into great consideration are the effects of the business activities to the public constituents. Many relevant issues are put into inquiry. This matter would be called as business ethics. The definition of business ethics varies greatly, but it is perhaps best described by Velazquez as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong. It concentrates on moral standards as they apply to business policies, institutions and behavior†. As changes in the economic and social environment, how should an organization’s culture and practices deal with the nature of change? If being given the mantle of leadership the head manager of a corporate organization, how would I set the standards, vision, mission and methods needed to develop a business entity that is fair, just, and balanced between profit and principles, and also maintaining integrity? This would be elaborated further on. Before everything, I must understand what are my personal ethics and standards, and try to form them as the organization’s mission and vision as well. My personal code of ethics for this company revolves around the concept care. The concept of care is usually taken into a typically altruistic point of view. The concept of care ethics tells that â€Å"we have an obligation to exercise special care toward particular persons with whom we have valuable close relationships, particularly relations of dependency† (Velazquez, 2006, p.125). Hence, my personal principle with regard to business ethics, in both the personal and organizational aspect, is that the treatment given and practiced between everyone involved in the organization is compassion and kindness. My personal mission statement encapsulates this ideal in the form of â€Å"care and share.† As a manager, I would consider developing a mission and vision statement that would encapsulate the principled ideals that I have for the company. In having a clear mission and vision, as well as having room for flexible and achievable room to adapt along the way, individuals who are part of the company will also have a clear understanding of their purpose within the organization. Mikush and Philbin (1999) point this out precisely: In effective organizations, the vision, values and mission derive from the convictions of

The Graduate scenario Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Graduate scenario - Movie Review Example He went ahead to claim that he will not even travel to East Africa as the region was infested with AIDS. He said the people of Kenya are infected with AIDS even he would contract the disease from hotel towels in Kenya. The remarks ensued to a heated argued in his handle via twitter that attracted numerous responses not only from Kenyans but also from other people across Africa s they viewed the comments to be careless, derogatory and discriminatory. AIDS is a global disaster that is a problem across the world and thus it should not be used as a weapon of discrimination against African countries by viewing its inhabitants as affected by AIDS. However, despite the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS case in African nations it is imprudent to make a blanket conclusion that the entire continent is infected with AIDS. Moreover, Pat Robertson had not conducted prior research before making such comments since from a scientific perspective AIDS can only be transmitted through body fluids, transfusion of contaminated blood, engaging in unprotected sex, deep kissing or sharing of sharp objects e.g. razors and needles with an infected person. Therefore, I think it was prudent for Pat Robertson to make an apology via his twitter handle, claiming it was just an outburst, because his argument was not founded on any scientific facts. Moreover, even though it is true there is a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS cases in African it is discriminative and reckless making such statements on a televised

Canada, My Canada Essay Example for Free

Canada, My Canada Essay Three summers back, a friend and I were being hurtled by bus through the heart of Australia, the desert flashing pink and red before our disbelieving eyes. It seemed never to end, this desert, so flat, so dry. The landscape was very unlike ours – scrub growth with some exotic cacti, no lakes, no rivers, just sand and rock forever. Beautiful, haunting even – what the surface of the moon must look like, I thought as I sat in the dusk in that almost empty bus. I turned to look out the front of the bus and was suddenly taken completely by surprise. Screaming out at me in great black lettering were the words CANADA NO. 1 COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. My eyes lit up, my heart gave a heave, and I felt a pang of homesickness so acute I actually almost hurt. It was all I could do to keep myself from leaping out of my seat and grabbing the newspaper from its owner. As I learned within minutes (I did indeed beg to borrow the paper), the pronouncement was based on information collected by the United Nations from studies comparing standards of living for 174 nations of the world. Some people may have doubted the finding, but I didn’t, not for an instant. Where else in the world can you travel by bus, automobile, or train (and the odd ferry) for ten, 12, or 14 days straight and see a landscape that changes so spectacularly: the Newfoundland coast with its white foam and roar; the red sand beaches of Prince Edward Island; the graceful curves and slopes of Cape Breton’s Cabot Trail; the rolling dairy land of south-shore Quebec; the maple-bordered lakes of Ontario; the haunting north shore of Lake Superior; the wheat fields of Manitoba and Saskatchewan; the ranch land of Alberta; the mountain ranges and lush rain forests of the West Coast. The list could  go on for pages and still cover only the southern section of the country, a sliver of land compared with the North, the immensity of which is almost unimaginable. For six years in a row now the United Nations has designated Canada the no. 1 country in which to live. We are so fortunate. We are water wealthy and forest rich. Minerals, fertile land, wild animals, plant life, the rhythm of four distinct, undeniable seasons – we have it all. Of course, Canada has its problems. We’d like to lower the crime rate, but ours is a relatively safe country. We struggle with our healthcare system, trying to find a balance between universality and affordability, but no person in this country is denied medical care for lack of money. Yes, we have concerns, but in the global scheme of things we are well off. Think of our history. For the greater part, the pain and violence, tragedy, horror, and evil that have scarred forever the history of too many countries are largely absent from our past. There’s no denying we’ve had our trials, but they pale by comparison with events that have shaped many other nations. Our cities are gems. Take Toronto, where I have chosen to live. My adopted city never fails to thrill me with its racial, linguistic, and cultural diversity. On any ordinary day on the city’s streets and subway, in stores and restaurants, I can hear the muted ebb and flow of 20 different tongues. I can feast on food from different continents, from Greek souvlaki to Thai mango salad, from Italian prosciutto to Jamaican jerk chicken, from Indian lamb curry to Chinese lobster. And do all these people get along? Well, they all enjoy a life of relative harmony, cooperation and peace. They certainly aren’t terrorizing, torturing, and massacring one another. They’re not igniting pubs, cars, and schools with explosives that blind, cripple, and maim. And they’re not killing children with machetes, cleavers and axes. Dislike – rancour, even – may exist here and there, but not, I believe, hatred of the blistering intensity we see elsewhere. Is Canada a successful experiment in racial harmony and peaceful co-existence? Yes, I would say so – and proudly.  When I, as an aboriginal citizen of this country, find myself thinking about all the people we’ve received into this beautiful homeland of mine, when I think of the millions to whom we’ve given safe haven, following agony, terror, hunger, and great sadness in their home countries, well, my little Cree heart just puffs up with pride. And I walk the streets of Canada, the streets of my home, feeling tall as a maple.

Benefits And Difficulties of Enterprise Wide Information System Implementation

Benefits And Difficulties of Enterprise Wide Information System Implementation Introduction Faced with mounting global competition, companies have to improve how they coordinate activity across the company so as to maximise the value they deliver to customers and minimize costs. Competitive pressures have forced the companies to consider various performance objectives such as flexibility, reliability, responsiveness, customer satisfaction etc. ERP can be defined â€Å"as an integrated, multi-dimensional system for all functions, based on a business model for planning, control, and global (resource) optimisation of the entire supply chain, by using state if the art IS/IT technology that supplies value added services to all internal and external parties† (Jarrar, et al., 2000). Despite the fact ERP have been successfully implemented in the past, careful planning and execution becomes very important factors given their size and complexity. Much has been written about the success of enterprise information systems. But, this success depends on several critical success factors (CSF). The most common critical success factors that are identified in the academic literature are discussed below (Bhatti, 2005). 1. Project Management Project Management involves the use of skills and knowledge used to coordinate, schedule the defined activities so that the stated objectives of implementation projects are achieved (Bhatti, 2005). A phase wise planning of the project with effective project management skills will definitely help in overcoming such a situation (Soliman Youssef, 1998). 2. Business Process Reengineering It is defined as â€Å"the altering the business process through redesigning so as to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service and speed† (Bhatti, 2005). The success of ERP system implementation is characterised by changing the present business processes in accordance to the standards of best business process available (Gibson, et al., 1999). Examination of many business processes is considered as the key for the implementation of ERP system. 3. User training and education Lack of proper technically competent staff leads to the failure of many ERP implementation projects. The training program of ERP implementation include aspects like the concepts behind ERP, the wide range of features and implications of ERP system, and hands on training (Bhatti, 2005). Therefore training the employees plays a major role in successfully implementing the ERP projects. 4. Technological infrastructure ERP implementation involves a complex transition from legacy information systems to a common business process throughout the organization (Bhatti, 2005). Therefore choosing the right ERP package based on the size of the firm is very essential. It is very important that the hardware configurations that should be used to run the ERP system are certified by the vendor of ERP (Bhatti, 2005). This in turn is based on the choice of the company. 5. Change management Bhatti, (2005) emphasizes on this aspect and says that â€Å"in order to implement ERP systems successfully, the way organizations do business will need to change and ways people do their jobs will need to change as well†. Change Management is the very essential for success of implementation project and it is necessary that it starts in the early stages and continues throughout the entire project life cycle (Bhatti, 2005). 6. Management of Risk Handling unexpected crises and ensuring that the project does not deviate from the initial plan is risk management (Bhatti, 2005). There is always a possibility that ERP project might deviate from the main objective which can possibly lead to unexpected events. Therefore, an appropriate risk management strategy helps in considerably reducing the risks of project failure. 7. Top Management Support Management must be a part of ERP implementations and it is true mainly with software projects and their success mainly depends on top management support [Bhatti, 2005]. â€Å"Only the top management is equipped to act as the mediator between the imperatives of the technology and the imperatives of the business† (Bhatti, 2005). Every step of the implementation process demands the top managements involvement to provide a direction for the project and to ensure that the project is successful which can be very challenging at times (Bhatti, 2005). 8. Effective Communication Communication, â€Å"one of most essential and difficult tasks in any ERP implementation project provides the base for understanding and sharing information between the members of the project team and helps in communicating the goals in each implementation stage to the entire organisation† (Bhatti, 2005). Hence; continuous communication flow should be maintained throughout all the departments at a very early stage. 9. Team work and composition Since an ERP involves all the departments in an organisation, it is very essential for these departments to work together. â€Å"An ERP implementation team comprises of, functional personnel and management, IT personnel and management, top management, IT consultants, ERP vendor , parent company employees, management consultants, hardware vendor† (Bhatti, 2005). A mix of hired consultants with companys internal staff is essential in an ERP team so that the necessary technical skills required for the design and implementation can be developed by the internal staff (Bhatti, 2005). 10. User Involvement User involvement is a very important aspect as the functions of an ERP system are designed as per the users requirement. When a company decides to implement an ERP system, â€Å"user involvement is required at the stage of definition of the companys ERP system needs and also during the implementation of the ERP system† (Bhatti, 2005). 11. Use of consultants There is a possibility that the company might lack the experts who have sound knowledge about the software. Hence the use of external consultants is very much required who can help the internal staff in installing the software. â€Å"These consultants may be involved in different stages of the ERP project implementation† (Bhatti, 2005). 12. Goals and Objectives The goals, expectations, and deliverables should be clearly defined so to address the questions regarding the need for the implementation of the ERP system and the critical business the system would cater (Bhatti, 2005). In this essay a case study based approach is used in order to discuss the benefits that companies have reaped by the use of enterprise wide information systems and also the difficulties that may arise in respect to the introduction and implementation of such systems. Case study 1 discusses the benefits of the enterprise wide information system. At the same time Case study 2 throws a light on the difficulties faced by the companies in respect to the introduction and implementation of such systems. Case study: 1- Case study of Pratt and Whitney Canada (Tchokogue, A., Bareilb, C., Claude, R. D., 2005) Scope of the project: The main objective of implementing an ERP system at PWC was to establish an ent erprise wide information system (TES) such that its customers have a greater transparency and agility (Tchokogue, et al., 2005). The management wanted this information system in place as they were interested in increasing inventory turnover, reduce work in progress, improve on customer response time and increase inventory and operation cost visibility (Tchokogue, et al., 2005). Hence they decided that SAP/R3 was optimal after considering the main enterprise systems such as Oracle, BAAN, SAP, etc. (Tchokogue, et al., 2005) Highlights of TES implementation: The project was unevenly divided into 5 major phases over the duration of 32 months. Scoping and planning Determining the level of previous reengineering Process redesign Configuration Testing and delivery The early stages (phases 1 and 2) of implementation took approximately 10 months. During this phase emphasis was â€Å"on defining the scope of activities and planning their implementation† ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). Strategic objectives and requirements of PWC customers were taken into consideration while the existing processes were accessed in order to focus on those which needed improvement in line with the targets set ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). The middle stages (phase 3 and phase 4) which took 17 months of implementation mainly focussed on redesigning the processes where attempts to minimize re- engineering of processes were made ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). Moreover during the phase 4; â€Å"the configuration of the new system i.e. the main parameters of each SAP module and that the choice of parameter options related to the new system was determined† ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). Care was taken to choose the right configuration based on the companies requirements. Risk management was effectively handled to prevent the uncertainties that prevail during the implementation stages to ensure that there was no deviation from the main goals and objectives. The top executives constantly monitored the progress of the implementation process and helped giving the project a proper direction. The project teams â€Å"followed the Deloitte Touche Consulting Group- ICS FastTrack 4 SAP methodology† ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) for the implementation of TES. â€Å"In this methodology five key factors were considered throughout the project: Project Management, Technology Architecture, Process and Systems Integrity, Change Management, and Knowledge Transfer† ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). The last stage (phase 5) â€Å"included three integration test cycles: An initial cycle related to master file data, a second to static data and a third to dynamic data. The successful test results were then formally accepted by the process managers† ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). An impressive project team of 345 employees from the most important departments of the company were divided into seven groups and were included in the project which ensured that contributions were made from all the departments directly affecting the new system ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). This enabled the project to have an effective knowledge transfer and expertise ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). â€Å"Approximately 110 employees from the six most affected departments were trained to become internal trainers† ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005). The involvement of both the internal and external consultants with effective communication between the departments and training processes proved extremely beneficial for the implementation process ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) Results: After its implementation the inventory turnover rate remained stable ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . An increase in the inventory costs was very visible ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . The TES established an information backbone supporting the ongoing business processes and change ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . TES increased the productivity by 11% more than what was anticipated ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . It reduced the receivable days outstanding by 6% ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . 30-40% return on investment was achieved ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . The TES gave the organization access to real time information ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . This provided fruitful for inventory management and purchasing. The production start delays were reduced drastically ( Tchokogue, et al., 2005) . REASONS FOR ERP PROJECT FAILURES: â€Å"Poor technical methods are only one of the causes, and this cause is relatively minor in comparison to larger issues, such as failures in communications and ineffective leadership† ( Sumner, 1999) . Table 1 summarises the possible reasons for project failures. The Company Increasing the efficiency was the main objective behind starting the Delta III project which took 18 months for completion ( Scott, 1999) . â€Å"Along with SAP/R3, FoxMeyer also purchased warehouse-automation from a vendor called Pinnacle, and chose Andersen Consulting to integrate and implement the two systems† ( Scott, 1999) . Delta III was at risk for several reasons: The warehouse employees sensed that their jobs would be under threat if the warehouse automation software was integrated with SAP/R3 ( Scott, 1999) . This posed a huge threat for the implementation of SAP despite the support from top management as the warehouse employees opposed its implementation ( Scott, 1999) . The rise in the number of R/3 transactions to be processed after the start of the project put the scope of the project at great risk ( Scott, 1999) . This increased burden on the system is mainly because â€Å"FoxMeyer signed a large contract to supply University Health System Consortium (UHC)† ( Scott, 1999) . Another risk faced by FoxMeyer in the implementation process of SAP/R3 is the lack of skilled workers ( Scott, 1999) . â€Å"This forced the management of FoxMeyer to rely on Andersen Consulting which proved to be a greater risk as the external consultants were also inexperienced† ( Scott, 1999) . Lessons Achieved FoxMeyer failed to gauge the risks involved in adopting SAP/R3 in the early stages of the implementation and ended up sharing the risks with the external consultant Andersen Consulting ( Scott, 1999) . It ended up sharing the losses as they did not have any contract which strongly stated that only experienced consultants were t be used ( Scott, 1999). No attempts were made in training the in house workers which ended up in relying heavily on external consultants who hampered the knowledge transfer process within the company ( Scott, 1999). The management allowed the project to divert from its scope regularly which in-turn affected the change management process at the later phases of implementation ( Scott, 1999). Discussion and Conclusion: The two above mentioned case studies are representations of successful implementation of SAP R/3 ERP system in one company and a failure in implementation which caused huge losses in the other company. In the first case the success of the implementation process is mainly due to the constant and shared effort of all the parties involved with the project. Several factors such as their capacity to accept change, detailed planning, adequate financial resources and time frames contributed to the organisational transformation of PWC.