Different Types Of Naturally Occurring Fracture Networks

2.1 INTRODUCTION It has been long recognized that the presence of naturally occurring fracture network can lead to unpredictable heterogeneity and anisotropy within many reservoirs. In past geophysicists acquired and processed P-wave reflection data at short offset, which automatically implied relatively small angular ray coverage. So seismic anisotropy, which is defined as directional dependence of elastic properties of earth remains unnoticed. But with the advance of methodologies, acquiring long offset and multi-component data become feasible and cost effective, anisotropy showed up. On a smaller scale, stresses in the Earth can cause rock to fracture in a consistent manner. If these fractures are aligned, the rock will be anisotropic with the fast direction parallel to the fractures and the slow direction perpendicular to them. In ideal cases, these observations can provide information on the state of stress in the Earth. Different types of anisotropy have resulted depending on the direction of f racture orientation. A set of parallel vertical cracks embedded in an isotropic background gives rise a transverse isotropic medium with horizontal symmetry axis. Similarly in sedimentary basins orthorhombic symmetry is commonly caused by parallel vertical fractures embedded within a VTI background medium. It may also arise due to two or three mutually orthogonal fracture sets, or due to two identical fracture systems criss-crossing with an arbitrary angle. Such sets of fracturesShow MoreRelatedA Study On Seismic Wave4065 Words   |  17 PagesCHAPTER -2 REVIEW OF LITRETURE 2.1 Introduction Most of today’s producing naturally fractured reservoirs were discovered accidentally, they were found by somebody who are looking for some other type of reservoir. Significant volume of hydrocarbon resides in these reservoirs. But these are abandoned particularly in fields because improper testing and evolution or because the wells did not intersect the natural fractures (Aguilera, 1998). Attempts have been made to quantify properties of such reservoirRead MoreFracking For Oil And Natural Gas2240 Words   |  9 Pagesthe recent improvement of the Hydraulic fracturing method (known as Fracking), commercial amounts of oil and gas have now been gotten from these reservoirs. The difference between these two sources – conventional and unconventional oil – is in the type of rock and depth of drilling, as well as the method used in bringing up the oil and gas. Whereas conventional oil and gas makes use of vertically drilled bores and shallow depths, unconventional oil is drilled at depths farther below in the earth’sRead MoreEssay on EarthQuakes2694 Words   |  11 Pagescaused them. When seismology was introduced it was learned that many earthquakes are the result of sea floor spreading, but most are caused by volcanic eruptions and plate tectonics. The plate tectonic theory explains that the earth is made up of 20 different plates that are always moving slowly past each other. This action pulls and compacts the plates, creating intense forces that cause the plates to break. This, in turn, causes earthquakes. The energy released then travels along fault lines in seismicRead MoreGly1000 Exam 1 Study Guide Essay3145 Words   |  13 P ages% K+1 K (8, 12) 1.37 Magnesium (Mg) 2.1 % Mg+2 - - - 0.72 Distinction between crystalline and non-crystalline solids Crystalline – term refers to the ordered, symmetrical, arrangement or the atoms that make up the structure Minerals are naturally occurring solid chemical compounds with crystalline structure Exhibits cleavage Non-Crystalline – (Ex. Glass) Soften as the temperature increases and have no sharply defined melting point The Most common silicate minerals: Structure and CompositionRead Moreeosc 114 full notes6069 Words   |  25 PagesGet the disaster info you need from reliable sources. Compare tectonic, rock, hydrologic, and biogeochemical cycles. Tectonic Cycle Involves the creation - movement - destruction of plates One cycle can last more than 200 million years! Types of plate boundaries Divergent: two plates move away Forms: large, underwater mid-ocean ridges Rifts formed through seafloor spreading Convergent: two plates collide Subduction zone: one plate moves beneath another (usually ocean and continental) Read MoreDental Question Bank33485 Words   |  134 Pagesbacterial penetration, sclerosis, reparative dentine, demineralisation. 17. The nerve supply of the pulp is composed of which type of nerve fibres A. Afferent sympathetic 18. In which direction does the palatal root of the upper first molar usually curve towards A. B. C. D. Facial / buccal/ Lingual Mesial Distal 19. What is the common appearance of vertical tooth fracture A. B. Perio abscess like appearance Displacement of fragments 20. Which of the following would be ONE possible indicationRead MoreEnvironment Studies8323 Words   |  34 Pagessequence of links in a food web starting from a trophic species that eats no other species in the web and ends at a trophic species that is eaten by no other species in the web. A food chain differs from a food web, because the complex polyphase network of feeding relations are aggregated into trophic species and the chain only follows linear monophagous pathways. A common metric used to quantify food web trophic structure is food chain length. In its simplest form, the length of a chain is the numberRead MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 PagesChapter 2 ELO’s 1 Describe an atom and an element. Atom- the smallest stable unit of matter. Element – all of the atoms with the same atomic number; also an element can not be broken down by heating or other physical means. 2 Describe the different ways in which atoms combine to form molecules and compounds. Ionic bonds – anions and cat ions are held together by the attraction between + and – charges Covalent bond – a chemical bond between atoms that involves the sharing of electrons Read MoreEvaluating The Economic Impacts Of Pipeline Useage On The Texas10470 Words   |  42 Pagessuch that it clusters the oil refineries in a particular area as one and then uses the Pareto Analysis to identify the oil producing districts that contribute to almost 70% of total oil production in Texas with respect to the tradeoffs between the different proportions of pipeline being used from each oil producing districts and supply chain costs. Furthermore, the broader impact of this research is that the transportation model of other states or even other countries can be quantified and optimizedRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesrelationships, and of contributions to community or society. How can nurses help families cope with the many conditions characterized by alterations in their thinking, mood, or behavior, resulting in distress and/or impaired functioning? Comes at different levels depending on the diagnosis and how it impacts that person. What can be done with that diagnosis? Are they being treated with medications or therapies to overcome some of these issues? These things will bring them to a state of having a higher